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Voiced Retroflex Plosive




The voiced retroflex plosive is a type of Consonant al sound, used in some Spoken Language s. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is d`. The IPA symbol is a lowercase letter ''d'' with a rightward-pointing tail protruding from the lower right of the letter. Like all the Retroflex Consonant s, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward pointing hook extending from the bottom of the symbol used for the equivalent Alveolar Consonant , in this case the Voiced Alveolar Plosive which has the symbol d. Compare d and .


FEATURES


Features of the voiced retroflex plosive:



IN ENGLISH


Although it is not used in most Dialects Of English , the voiced retroflex plosive is used for /d/ (and sometimes ) by many speakers of Indian English (e.g., for "deep"; for "asked"; for "the"). This characteristic is due to the influence of Indo-Aryan and Dravidian languages, in which Retroflexion is Phonemic . Some speakers of American English produce words such as "border" with as an Allophone of /d/, reflecting Coarticulation associated with the .


IN OTHER LANGUAGES


The voiced retroflex plosive is common among the languages of South Asia . Among Indo-Aryan Languages , Aspiration is typically Phonemic (cf. "branch", "shield" in Hindi ). The symbol is commonly used by some Linguists to transcribe voiced retroflex plosives; Ladefoged and Maddieson (1996) use to denote a lesser degree of Retroflexion vis-à-vis . The voiced retroflex plosive also occurs in some languages of Europe and Oceania (especially Australian Aboriginal Languages ).









REFERENCES

  • Peter Ladefoged and Ian Maddieson, ''The Sounds of the World's Languages.'' Blackwell Publishers, 1996. ISBN 0631198156

  • Colin P. Masica, ''The Indo-Aryan Languages.'' Cambridge University Press, 1991. ISBN 0521299446



SEE ALSO